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Soil Contamination

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A soil contaminant is an element (also known as ‘heavy metals’ or inorganic contaminants, e.g. lead) or a chemical (also known as ‘organics’, e.g. diesel oil) present in the soil at a level that poses health risks to plant, animal or human health. Common soil contaminants include heavy metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum products.

This page is a place to collect and organize resources on investigating soil pollution. Visit the soil tag page to see the latest community posts about soil on Public Lab, and get updates on this topic by subscribing:

Subscribe to soil

On this page you can:
See community stories and projects on soil
Join the conversation
  • Ask a question, answer a question, or follow future questions on soil
  • Post an issue brief that describes your local concern related to soil
Research soil contamination Learn about soil remediation methods
Find further reading and resources on soil
See what’s still unknown and next step challenges in soil testing and monitoring

Community stories and projects

Projects on soil monitoring

Public Lab community projects tagged with soil-projects will appear here

Title Updated Version Views Likes

Additional community projects and stories



Join the conversation

Questions from the community

  • See if other community members are asking questions like yours
  • Ask a question so other community members can offer support
  • Sign up below to be notified when someone asks a soil-related question

Questions tagged with question:soil will appear here

Title Author Updated Likes Comments
What groups or agencies are looking at the intersections of land/soil management and ocean pollution? @laurel_mire over 2 years ago 1
As soil and water share similar pollution problems, what research methods can be shared between them? @alejobonifacio almost 3 years ago 10
What causes potholes? @Rgaude almost 3 years ago 4
Where can polluted soils be placed? @amocorro almost 3 years ago 0
What are people doing about polluted soils that get put back as fill? @amocorro almost 3 years ago 1
Are there ways to trace detected soil contaminants back to the polluting source? @amocorro about 3 years ago 3
Does anyone have experience with remediation of contaminated soils? What are some different options? @bhamster about 3 years ago 7
What are other ways to assess soil contamination, besides directly measuring contaminant concentrations? @bhamster about 3 years ago 8
Risks of PAH exposure from contaminated dust? @kgradow1 about 3 years ago 7
What do I need to know before collecting soil for the Hanby soil testing kit? @CherokeeConcernedCitizens almost 4 years ago 8
How to Take Soil Samples in a Marsh @MicahSampere over 4 years ago 2
What soil testing methods might be good for someone who lives by a highway overpass? @stevie almost 5 years ago 4
Do you do Soil Testing and Analysis? @DanielleS almost 5 years ago 1
How do you choose where to take soil samples when concerned about leaching of contaminants from a landfill? @DanielleS about 5 years ago 4
Anyone have experience with diy soil testing methods for contaminants- Colorimetry, spectometry, reagents, etc? @DanielleS about 5 years ago 1
How do you test for oil and gas-related contaminants in soils? @DanielleS about 5 years ago 2
How do I... find more information about soil sampling @dusjagr over 5 years ago 5
We need help with garden testing after Harvey @Georgina over 6 years ago 2
When is it better to do grab sampling versus other types of monitoring? @stevie over 6 years ago 2
Where can someone send a strange substance found on their property for analysis? @bbutler over 6 years ago 9
How do I collect a sample for laboratory analysis? @warren over 6 years ago 3
What are soil sampling protocols being used by groups along the gulf coast? @stevie over 6 years ago 5
Question: Can DIY-spectrometer be used for analysis of soil @interestedperson_ha over 7 years ago 7


Post an Issue Brief

Share a local concern or issue about soil contamination and get support from the Public Lab community by writing and posting an Issue Brief. Visit “Write an Issue Brief” to find information on what an issue brief is, see examples, and learn how to write one.


Research soil contamination

The Public Lab community is here to support people as they plan and carry out investigations into their soil. Anyone can ask questions, start an issue brief with any amount of information available, or start documenting a project, and gather input from other Public Lab members.

Some places to start

Here are some activities for getting started with examining your soil. They involve gathering information that can help you make decisions about what to do next.






Information on soil contamination

And here’s more background information on soil contamination, including how humans can be exposed to soil pollution and descriptions of common soil contaminants.

Where does soil contamination come from?

We can be exposed to contaminants through the soil through:

  • Skin contact: dermal exposure. E.g. pesticides
  • Inhalation: breathing in dust. E.g. asbestos, lead; and/or contaminants that vaporize from soil, e.g. benzene
  • Ingestion: eating of dust and soil through hand-to-mouth and to a lesser extent through eating foods grown in contaminated soil as some can uptake heavy metals

exposure_routes.jpg

With exposure to any contaminant, the likelihood that health effects will occur depends on how harmful or toxic the contaminant is to humans, how much you are exposed to, and for how long and often you are exposed.

Contaminants in soils can come from historical industrial activity, past and present land use, nearness to pollution sources (i.e. a major road, a coal plant) and natural disasters.

Contaminants can end up in your soil through:

  • the air (from dust & exhaust)
  • water (from rain & groundwater & runoff from a nearby site)
  • direct deposition (from on site (e.g. Pesticide application, burning garbage, or nearby polluters).

incinerator_emissions.jpg

Why test the soil for contaminants?

People test their soil for contaminants for a range of reasons:

  • To see if the soil is safe to grow food in and/or reduce risk of exposure to contaminants through existing or future farms and gardens.
  • To see whether contaminants may have been or are being deposited on your site through runoff (water) or air from nearby busy roads or polluting industries.
  • To see what the contaminants may have been left behind on the soil after a natural disaster such as flooding or fire, or a chemical spill.
  • To see whether remediation efforts are working.

Also see this great overview by Toxics Action Center


Common soil contaminants to be aware of:

Heavy metals

Heavy metals are those elements which are toxic to humans at certain concentrations, including:

  • arsenic
  • copper
  • lead
  • mercury
  • nickel
  • chromium
  • cadmium
  • zinc
  • aluminum
  • manganese
  • barium
  • molybdenum

heavy-metals-t-shirt

Some of them, like zinc and copper, are necessary or beneficial to living organisms in small concentrations but are toxic above a certain concentration; others, like lead, cadmium and mercury, serve no known biological function and are always toxic. Heavy metals are naturally occurring, found in rocks, soil systems and bedrock, and in some places a certain metal may be naturally present in higher concentrations (such as arsenic in New York State).

The majority of heavy metal contamination arises from human activity– metal mining and smelting, agrochemical fertilizers and pesticides, sewage sludge, oil and gas operations and fossil fuel burning, improper waste disposal, and fill used in residential development. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals cannot be broken down, so the they keep building up in soils. But their characteristics may change so that they can be more or less easily taken up by plants or animals.

Organic Chemicals

Organic contaminants are carbon-based, meaning they are derived or manufactured from something that was once alive, for example, oil and gasoline, which is the remains of plant and animal matter that was compressed for millions of years, then pumped out of the earth and processed. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants, solvents like trichloroethylene (TCE), dioxins, chemical pesticides, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are a few organic contaminants of note. They can be present in soils, particularly on or near historical or present-day oil and gas industry, auto and machine repair shops, old or leaky oil tanks, busy roads or highways, landfills and dumps, beneath electrical stations and wires, and places where there were building fires or demolished buildings.


Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

PAH’s are a byproduct of incomplete combustion, and are released when fossil fuels are burnt. They are common in soils along busy roads due to vehicle exhaust, and are associated with coal burning power plants, forest fires, and road sealants. Other sources of PAHs include wood burning stoves and oil spills. There are more than 15 different types of PAH’s. Some PAHs are known to be cancer-causing, or carcinogenic. They have also been associated with respiratory illnesses. In soils, PAHs are likely to stick tightly to soil and organic matter particles; though certain PAHs move through soil to contaminate underground water or volatilize into the air.

PAH_collage


Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Though they were banned in 1979, they are still present in the environment because they are highly persistent (do not readily break down) and can leak from landfills where they have been disposed of and from products that were made before the ban. They were used broadly in the electrical and building industries, and so are common in soils beneath electrical transformers and capacitators, flooded areas, and soils where buildings have been demolished. Since they don’t really break down, and bind to fats, they end up in our water and in our fish and seafood. So it’s especially important to know if they are present in places where people fish!

PCBs_fish

You can read more about each specific contaminant through the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s 2 page fact sheets, called Tox FAQ’s: [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp ]


Designing your soil study

Planning how you’ll go about investigating your soil involves designing a study. The exact way your study looks and what methods you use will depend on what contaminants you might be looking for, and what you ultimately wish to do with the results.

Public Lab posts on study design:

Additional resources on planning a soil sampling and testing study:


Soil testing methods

This spreadsheet lists several different soil testing methods and tools, the contaminants they can detect, information on how to use the method, the cost, and more. Please share any knowledge or experience you have with these methods by adding to the spreadsheet!

Methods for screening purposes

These soil testing methods use different approaches to screen for contaminants. In general, the data these methods produce are less accurate and precise than certified lab-based methods, but the methods are more accessible in terms of materials, cost, and logistics. Many screening methods are available as kits or portable units that can be used quickly in the field.



Certified or lab-based analytical methods

Soil testing methods that are certified by government agencies (like the US Environmental Protection Agency) or certification programs (like the North American Proficiency Testing Program) generally provide the most accurate and precise results on the kinds and amounts of contaminants in soil. These methods are often lab-based techniques that test soil samples collected from a site. Costs vary depending on what contaminants you’re testing for, and it can get expensive if you’re testing several samples.

Many university labs and extension offices can also test soil samples for contaminants, but consider lab certification requirements if you intend to use the results in court.

Example posts and wikis on how to sample soil for lab-based testing are below.








Lab analysis


Understanding and interpreting soil test results

Wiki pages tagged with interpret-soil-tests will appear here

Title Updated Version Views Likes
Making meaning of soil test results and reports over 2 years ago by laurel_mire 5 258 1


Tools for mapping and viewing data


Activities for understanding your soil

Activities on Public Lab that have been tagged with activity:soil will appear here

Purpose Category Status Author Time Difficulty Replications
How to interpret soil test results - - @DanielleS - - 0 replications: Try it »
Using the Soil Sampling Toolkit - - @Bronwen - - 0 replications: Try it »
Things to Consider When Testing Soil for Contaminants - - @DanielleS - - 1 replications: Try it »
Draft: Collect a sample for laboratory analysis - - @warren - - 0 replications: Try it »
AIR-QUALITY & BALLOON LAUNCH: SUMMER 2019 QUEENSBRIDGE TECH LAB COMMUNITY SCIENCE PROJECT - - @SadiePrego - - 0 replications: Try it »
Community Soil Testing Using an Open Source Soil Sampling Toolkit - - @jjcreedon - - 0 replications: Try it »
DIY Soil Texture Tests- Learn more about your soil! - - @DanielleS - - 0 replications: Try it »
How to find out past and current uses for an area of land observe review-me @bhamster 3h easy 0 replications: Try it »
How to Test Soil for Oil & Gas Contaminants* please contribute - - @DanielleS - - 0 replications: Try it »
Subsoil sampling guide - - @imvec - - 0 replications: Try it »
Workshop Guide: Mapping Soil Data - - @kgradow1 - - 0 replications: Try it »
Understanding Soil Contamination - Key Terms & Concepts - - @DanielleS - - 0 replications: Try it »
Guía de muestreo de subsuelo - - @imvec - - 0 replications: Try it »
How to Use a Hanby Kit to Test for Soil Petroleum Hydrocarbons - - @DanielleS - - 0 replications: Try it »
Testing The PH of Soil using different liquids - - @Nature_babes - - 0 replications: Try it »

Activities should include a materials list, costs and a step-by-step guide to construction with photos. Learn what makes a good activity here.


Soil remediation

Soil remediation involves cleaning up or containing polluted soils. There are many different ways to reduce exposure to contaminated soils, and remediation methods vary in how effective they are and how much they actually reduce the problem or simply move the problem from one place to another.

Title Updated Version Views Likes
Soil remediation over 2 years ago by laurel_mire 10 627 1


Further reading and resources


Wikis on soil

Title Updated Version Views Likes
Infragram almost 2 years ago by warren 123 22,192 10
Soil Contamination about 2 years ago by laurel_mire 29 3,681 6
Soil remediation over 2 years ago by laurel_mire 10 627 1
Bioassay over 2 years ago by alejobonifacio 7 784 3
Topics over 2 years ago by bhamster 22 17,641 3
Making meaning of soil test results and reports over 2 years ago by laurel_mire 5 258 1
Screening for soil contamination almost 3 years ago by bhamster 2 305 0
MeteoMex: online monitoring of climate and volatile organic compounds over 3 years ago by liz 2 229 1
Soil Sampling Toolkit about 5 years ago by Bronwen 10 840 5
Madeira about 6 years ago by warren 14 400 1
Soil Sampling over 6 years ago by warren 2 1,592 3
Open Land about 8 years ago by eustatic 3 313 1


Next step challenges

Several areas for potential development on soil testing and monitoring work include:

  • Find and share information on ways to biologically test for soil contaminants that's analogous to macro-invertebrate testing for water. Possibly soil microscopic life? Also known as bioassays. Earthworms are known to be pretty good indicators of toxicity but more info and experimentation is needed so that this could be applied by communities.
    • NEW for March 2021: wiki page on bioassays. One particular idea is breaking down and creating more DIY techniques for the bioluminescence inhibition assay: culturing the bacteria, developing solutions for extracting contaminants from soil samples, measuring light output with a photometer, and plotting graphs correlating light output to contaminant level.
  • Identifying ways to reduce lab cost for sampling that requires lab testing (for eg., mass spectrometry for validity and reliable data). Partnering with university labs' is one way, or advocating for agriculture extension offices to provide subsidized testing. Do you have other ideas?
  • Play with the DIY spectrometer and build up a database to compare with for each toxic metal and organic contaminant at different concentrations. Create a color chart based on the database with many replicates (people trying it out) to compare the colors shown from reaction with each metal and contaminant of concern.
  • Figure out which reagents are effective for DIY colorimetric /spectrophotometric tests for soil contamination, and how to produce them.
  • Testing and modifying water quality test kits for detecting heavy metals so they can be used for soil. See this comment for context.
  • Examine the potential for sensor-based detection of soil contaminants. Can the principles applied in air sensors that detect chemicals be transferred to soil testing?
  • Open source applications that automate color change detection in reagent-based tests.