## What’s a bioindicator? **Bioindicators are organisms (or parts of organisms or communities of organisms) that contain quantitative and/or qualitative information on quality of the environment (or a part of the environment).** **Biomonitors** are a subset of bioindicators that can provide quantitative measurements of environmental quality, which can be compared to results from sensors and instruments. In order to evaluate how contamination exists spatially, sessile (immobile) species are the best. In addition, a good bioindicator species is common and easily sampled, presenting some responses to toxicants (biomarker responses) that can be reliably measured and show concentration dependence. Bioindicators can inform us also about the biological and ecological integrity of an environment. This is the ability to maintain communities balanced, adaptable and integrated organisms, possessing a species composition, diversity and functional organization comparable to a natural environment and reflect natural evolutionary processes. Another important use of bioindicators is the perform of bioassays. For more detailed explanation of bioassays please check this [wiki page](https://publiclab.org/wiki/bioassay).
## Mainly used bioindicators ### Bioindicators for water For study of freshwater quality, the main group used is the macroinvertebrates. Between the most common bioindicators of good water quality we have the mayfly midges, and for polluted waters blood worms midges. These particular species have several advantages over: they are sedentary, with short life spans, are easy and cheap for sampling, and there are several methods for data analysis (biotic indexes and diversity indexes). ### Bioindicators for air For study of air quality, the main group used is the lichens. These bioindicators differ in their pollution sensitivity. You can find out more in the @vaniafong [research note](https://publiclab.org/notes/fongvania/07-21-2021/learning-to-spot-lichens-and-mosses). These particular species have several advantages over: they are ubiquitous, they do not have a protective cuticle and absorb, if either symbiote is affected for something, both organisms die, they are relatively long-lived, they are perennial, have restricted ecological requirements or limited dispersion ranges. ### Bioindicators for soil For study of soil quality, one important group used is the plants. Between the most common plants of soil quality we have the cloudberry (_Rubus chamaemorus_), crowberry (_Empetrum nigrum_), onion (_Allium cepa_), _Tradescantia sp._, _Vicia faba_, among others. These particular species have several advantages over: do not move, depend directly on the soil to fulfill their vital functions, have specific requirements (acidophilic, basophilic, hydrophilic, nitrophilic, sciophilic, heliophilic plants, etc.), indicators of many characteristics of the environment such as metals in the soil, acidity in the soil and in the rain, climatic changes, human intervention, livestock pressure.
## Questions [questions:bioindicators]
## Research notes [notes:bioindicators]
## Wikis [wikis:bioindicators]
## Activities [activities:bioindicators]

### Published articles + Markert, Prof. Dr. Bernd & Breure, Anton & Zechmeister, Harald. (2003). Bioindicators and Biomonitors: Principles, Concepts and Applications. Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment. 6. 15-25. [LINK to the full text](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313718613_Bioindicators_and_Biomonitors_Principles_Concepts_and_Applications). + Vinet, L., & Zhedanov, A. (2010). Bioindicators & Biomonitors Principles, Concepts and Applications. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201 [LINK to the abstract](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124115743000128). + Bhaduri, D., Chatterjee, D., Chakraborty, K., Chatterjee, S., & Saha, A. (2018). Bioindicators of Degraded Soils (pp. 231–257). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99076-7_8 [LINK to the abstrac](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329406221_Bioindicators_of_Degraded_Soils).